Chapter 30 Vocabular

Chapter 30 Vocabulary

John Kay - Flying Shuttle - John Kay, a Manchester mechanic, invented the flying shuttle in 1733. The flying shuttle sped up the weaving process for cotton and stimulated demand for cotton thread.

Samuel Crompton - "mule" - Samuel Crompton built the mule in 1779, which was adapted for steam power in 1790. The mule became the device of choice for spinning cotton, and turned out strong, fine thread. It worked very fast and a worker could produce a hundred times more thread than a manual spinning wheel used by a worker.

Edmund Cartwright - power loom - In 1785, Edmund Cartwright, a man without any mechanics or textile training and experience, patented the water-driven power loom in response to the imbalance in the production of thread. Two power looms used by a young boy could produce fifteen times the amount of cloth the fastest weaver could.

James Watt - steam engine - James Watt first introduced the general-purpose steam engine in 1765, which burned coal to boil water in order to create steam that powered mechanical devices that did work. The steam engine was very prominent in the textile industry, as it led to more productivity for manufacturers and cheaper prices for consumers.

Henry Bessemer - steel - Henry Bessemer built the Bessemer converter in 1856, which made it possible to produce steel in large quantities and cheaply. Steel production quickly rose, and replaced iron for tools, machines, and structures.

George Stephenson - locomotive - George Stephenson built the first steam-powered locomotive in 1815, which was used by sailing ships. The locomotives burned to much coal, however, and were replaced with refine engines of high efficiency in the 19th century.

Luddites - Workers who organized bands of English handicraft workers who went on a rampage and destroyed entire textile machines that they blamed their unemployment and low wages on. They enjoyed popular support since they did not harm people, and called their leader King Lud after a boy named Ludlam, who broke a knitting frame to spite his father.

Industrialization - The process that transformed agrarian and handicraft-centered economies into economies distinguished by industry and machine manufacture.

Monopoly - The exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service.

Karl Marx - A prominent 19th-century German socialist/theorist (born 1818, died 1883) who believed that the 19th century's social problems were inevitable results of a capitalist economy.. He wrote a long work called Capital, and later wrote a tract called Manifesto of the Communist Party with Friedrich Engels. There, he referred himself as a Communist.

Friedrich Engels - A prominent