Reconstruction Period

The Reconstruction period began during the Civil War with President Lincoln offering his plan for reunifying the Unites States with his "Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction". As the Civil War ended, the Confederates surrendering to the Union started the real reconstruction of the South. President Lincoln established the Freedom Bureau to contribute to the reconstruction before he had been assassinated. President Johnson took over the reconstruction and the 13th Amendment was ratified later that year. In the southern states black codes were enacted giving African American hard time against the Whites until granted full citizen through the Civil Right Act. The Ku Klux Klan was founded that same year to help harm and intimated the southern states for their rights. In 1867, Congress vetoed President Johnson violating the Tenure of Office Act and the reconstruction was handed over to Congress. This period was known as the Congressional Reconstruction. The first reconstruction act divided the South in five military districts and ordered Southern states to call for a new constitutional convention. In 1868, President Johnson was impeach by the House but failed by one vote by the Senate to be convicted but stood in office losing majority of his power as president. Through the Congressional Reconstruction, the 14th and 15th Amendment was ratified, most southern states had readmitted into the Union, and a new president, Ulysses S. Grant, was elected. The struggle in the South continues as Liberal Republican got involved wanting the government to stay out of the economy. By 1873, the United States fell to a financial panic and a beginning of an economic depression. The reconstruction came to an end with the Compromise of 1877 between the disputed presidential elections of Hayes versus Tilden. With Hayes becoming president it guaranteed the South "home rule", more money for internal improvements, and federal aid to railroads. It also promised to give the Democrats an appointee to Hayes cabinet.

The Second Industrial Revolution began about a century after the First Industrial Revolution. United States was the center driven by the innovations in the production of metals, chemicals, foodstuffs, and other materials. It was also linked to the advancing of electrical and petroleum industries. Industrialization progress so rapidly during this era because capitalists lead the Second Industrial Revolution benefitting from the defeat of the South plantation during the Civil War and the settlement of the Trans-Mississippi West. The Triumph of the Big Business benefitted from the government subsidies and protection and the development of new forms of corporate organization. In addition, their ideologies and cultural practices supported their right to dominate the nation social, political and cultural life. It impacted the nation Craftsmen because Craftsmen once were prosperous and influential men in their communities became "wage