Classical View and Contemporary View of Management

Introduction

Management emerged at the turn of XIX-XX centuries as a result of intense search of the means of improving the competitiveness and efficiency, which is essential for survival in the market. Entrepreneurs often became convinced that the success of their organization depends not only on the financial circumstances, but depends on the ability to use them effectively; they also should strengthen internal capabilities, staff capacity and prioritize management skills as fundamental part of success.

Nowadays, we distinguish two viewpoints of management:

* Classical

* Contemporary

Classical viewpoint has three parts, such as:

1. Scientific management

2. Bureaucratic management

3. Administrative management

Contemporary management is much complex and differs from traditional management, which was applied in all industries and sectors of society during many decades (http://www.elitarium.ru/, 2010).

In this work all of these views and its divisions will be considered in detail.

Object of research of this work - classical and contemporary view of management.

The primary purpose of this work is to compare and contrast the classical and contemporary view of management and based on the research make a reasonable conclusion.

Classical view of management

Classical theorists supported the idea that there were universal principles which can be applied to all organizations. Management was considered as a matter of controlling resources and processes rather than people. Main aim of classical theory is the efficient structuring of organizations. Other important elements of the classical school were the ideas of limited spans of control (i.e. number of direct subordinates) - typically a limit of three to six were recommended and also that there should be a limited number of hierarchical levels. Spans of control were to be limited so that it was possible to retain adequate supervisory control over subordinates, sufficient communication with them and adequate coordination between their activities. A restricted number of hierarchical levels were advocated so that loss of control down a hierarchy and any dilution of instructions before they reached the required level were minimized. (http://forum.accafriends.com/, 2010).

Classical theorists distinguished three parts of classical view point:

1. Scientific management

2. Bureaucratic management

3. Administrative management

1.1. Scientific management

Scientific management (also called Taylorism or the Taylor system) was founded in the beginning of twentieth century by the American scientist Frederick Winslow Taylor, and at that stage, it fully met the needs of the business.

Frederick W. Taylor, who is known as the "father of scientific management, considered that management is a science, which is subject to certain laws, principles and rules. So we can apply these principles to all kinds of social activities. Therefore, Taylor developed and clearly formulated the new principles, which he called the laws of control:

* Need to investigate each kind of activities.

* The selection of workers and managers using scientific criteria with subsequent their training and education.

* Partnership of administration and employees on introduction in practice of scientific foundations of labor and management;

* Equivalent distribution of the obligations and responsibilities between the employees and managers. (Taylor, 1911).

In the address of the Taylor system came the mass of criticism from both opponents and supporters. Many bourgeois scientists, physiologists and psychologists criticized Taylor that he did not consider the possibility of a human body. American sociologist Erich Frome said that economists increasingly deprive workers the right to think and act freely, work becomes more monotonous and mindless. Every attempt to analyze, creativity, every manifestation of inquisitiveness, every independent thought is carefully expelled (Fromm, 1941) .

However Taylor's principles can be applied even now. I agree with his