Broike Case

During the High Renaissance in Northern Europe the Habsburg dynasty rose to power and Henry VIII established the Anglican Church with himself as its head. The Protestant Reformation further divided the Christian faith. It was a time of philosophical, geographical, and scientific exploration and discovery. Italian Renaissance ideals informed the work of printmaker and painter Albrecht Durer. Architecture and music developed in manners unique to the north. Northern literature ranged from the subjectivity of Montaigne's essays to the universality of William Shakespeare.

Following the precepts of the Council of Trent, the Catholic Church responded to the Protestant Reformation with an outpouring of sculpture, architecture, and painting glorifying Papal Rome and Catholicism. Musical forms, such as opera and the concerto grosso, were invented. Outside of Italy, a bourgeois Baroque style developed, particularly in Protestant Holland. Court painters Peter Paul Rubens, Anthony Van Dyck, and Diego Velazquez immortalized Catholic monarchs in Spain, Italy, and pre-Revolutionary England. In France, the Baroque served the absolutist monarch, Louis XIV, producing Versailles, Neoclassical theatre, and academic control of the arts. Oratorios were written by George Frideric Handel and Johann Sebastian Bach. Philosophical, political, and scientific concepts were investigated and debated. Literature included French Neoclassical drama, the Metaphysical poets, Anne Bradstreet and John Milton, as well as the picaresque novel Don Quixote by Miguel Cervantes.

During the High Renaissance in Northern Europe the Habsburg dynasty rose to power and Henry VIII established the Anglican Church with himself as its head. The Protestant Reformation further divided the Christian faith. It was a time of philosophical, geographical, and scientific exploration and discovery. Italian Renaissance ideals informed the work of printmaker and painter Albrecht Durer. Architecture and music developed in manners unique to the north. Northern literature ranged from the subjectivity of Montaigne's essays to the universality of William Shakespeare.

Following the precepts of the Council of Trent, the Catholic Church responded to the Protestant Reformation with an outpouring of sculpture, architecture, and painting glorifying Papal Rome and Catholicism. Musical forms, such as opera and the concerto grosso, were invented. Outside of Italy, a bourgeois Baroque style developed, particularly in Protestant Holland. Court painters Peter Paul Rubens, Anthony Van Dyck, and Diego Velazquez immortalized Catholic monarchs in Spain, Italy, and pre-Revolutionary England. In France, the Baroque served the absolutist monarch, Louis XIV, producing Versailles, Neoclassical theatre, and academic control of the arts. Oratorios were written by George Frideric Handel and Johann Sebastian Bach. Philosophical, political, and scientific concepts were investigated and