Autism Essay

Autism

Introduction

Autism is a brain disorder that is associated with a range of developmental problems, mainly in communication and social interaction. The first signs of this disorder typically appear before age 3. Although treatment has improved greatly in the past few decades, autism cannot be cured. It persists throughout life.

It's estimated that three to six of every 1,000 children have autism. A recent increase in the number of autism cases in the United States may be the result of improved diagnosis and changes in diagnostic criteria.

The disorder occurs three to four times more often in boys than in girls. The severity of symptoms is variable. Some children with autism will grow up able to live independently, while others may always need supportive living and working environments.

The cause of autism isn't clear, and there's no cure. But intensive, early treatment can make a difference.

Signs and symptoms

In general, children with autism have problems in three crucial areas of development -- social skills, language and behavior. The most severe autism is marked by a complete inability to communicate or interact with other people.

Because the symptoms of autism vary widely, two children with the same diagnosis may act quite differently and have strikingly different skills.

If your child has autism, he or she may develop normally for the first few months -- or years -- of life and then later become less responsive to other people, including you. You may recognize the following signs in the areas of social skills, language and behavior:

Social skills

* Fails to respond to his or her name

* Has poor eye contact

* Appears not to hear you at times

* Resists cuddling and holding

* Appears unaware of others' feelings

* Seems to prefer playing alone -- retreats into his or her "own world"

Language

* Starts talking later than other children

* Loses previously acquired ability to say words or sentences

* Does not make eye contact when making requests

* Speaks with an abnormal tone or rhythm -- may use a singsong voice or robot-like speech

* Can't start a conversation or keep one going

* May repeat words or phrases verbatim, but doesn't understand how to use them

Behavior

* Performs repetitive movements, such as rocking, spinning or hand-flapping

* Develops specific routines or rituals

* Becomes disturbed at the slightest change in routines or rituals

* Moves constantly

* May be fascinated by parts of an object, such as the spinning wheels of a toy car

* May be unusually sensitive to light, sound and touch

Young children with autism also have a hard time sharing experiences with others. When someone reads to them, for example, they're unlikely to point at pictures in the book. This early-developing social skill is crucial to later language and social development.

As they mature, some children with autism become more engaged with others and show less marked disturbances in behavior. Some, usually those with the least severe impairments, eventually may lead normal or near-normal lives. Others, however, continue to have severe impairments in language or social skills, and the adolescent years can mean a worsening of behavior problems.

The majority of children with autism are slow to acquire new knowledge or skills. However, some children with autism have normal to high intelligence. These children learn quickly yet have trouble communicating, applying what they know in everyday life and adjusting in social situations. An extremely small number of children with autism are "autistic savants" and have exceptional skills in a specific area, such as art or math.

Causes

Autism has no single, identifiable cause. The disorder seems to be related to abnormalities in several regions of the brain. Researchers have identified a number of gene defects associated with autism.

Families with one autistic child have a one in 20 chance of having a second child with the disorder. In some cases, relatives of autistic children show mild impairments in social and communication skills or engage in repetitive behaviors.

Children with symptoms of autism have a higher than normal risk of also having:

* Fragile X syndrome, which causes mental retardation

* Tuberous sclerosis, in which tumors grow in the brain

* Tourette's syndrome

* Epilepsy

Some people believe autism is caused by vaccines -- particularly the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR), as well as vaccines containing thimerosal, a preservative that contains a very small amount of mercury. But extensive studies have